Practice BS Zoology Semester Exam questions with answers and explanations.
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Hormone action requires receptor binding. If receptor structure is altered, the target cell may fail to respond even when the hormone is present.
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Taste and smell are chemosensory systems. They detect dissolved or airborne molecules and convert chemical information into neural signals.
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Stretch receptors and proprioceptors give feedback about muscle length and body position. This information helps maintain coordinated movement.
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Diffuse nerve nets spread signals through the body and support simple coordinated responses. They are common in cnidarians.
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Endocrine glands are ductless and release hormones into blood or body fluid. Exocrine glands release secretions through ducts onto surfaces or into cavities.
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Endocrine effects often develop more slowly and last longer than nerve impulses because hormones circulate and alter metabolic or gene-regulatory processes.
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Proprioceptors detect muscle stretch, joint position, and body orientation. They help coordinate posture, balance, and movement.
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Sensory neurons carry information from receptors toward the central nervous system. Motor neurons carry commands from the CNS to muscles or glands.
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Interneurons lie within the CNS or ganglia and connect sensory and motor pathways. They are essential for processing, reflexes, and decision-making.
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Peptide hormones are water-soluble and usually bind surface receptors, triggering intracellular signaling. Steroid hormones often cross membranes and bind intracellular receptors.
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Thermoreceptors detect temperature changes, while nociceptors detect damaging stimuli. Together they help prevent tissue injury from heat.
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Motor neurons transmit signals from the nervous system to effectors such as muscles. Damage reduces voluntary or reflex movement.
