MCQ Collection
china-kaoyan-medical-comprehensive MCQs
Practice china-kaoyan-medical-comprehensive questions with answers and explanations.
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A.
Compensation changes the other component of the bicarbonate-carbon dioxide system but does not remove the primary disorder
B.
The kidneys cannot affect acid-base balance
C.
The lungs regulate bicarbonate directly as their main action
D.
Compensation always overshoots to the opposite pH disorder
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Correct Answer: A. Compensation changes the other component of the bicarbonate-carbon dioxide system but does not remove the primary disorder
Explanation:
Respiratory and renal responses limit pH change while the primary process remains identifiable.
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A.
All mediators have identical effects
B.
Acute inflammation never recruits leukocytes
C.
Inflammation occurs without signalling molecules
D.
Inflammatory mediators coordinate vascular change, leukocyte recruitment and local symptoms
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Correct Answer: D. Inflammatory mediators coordinate vascular change, leukocyte recruitment and local symptoms
Explanation:
Multiple mediators act on vessels, cells and tissues to produce the organised inflammatory response.
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A.
DNA repair has no relevance to cancer risk
B.
A single mutation always produces invasive cancer immediately
C.
Tumours are unrelated to selection among cell clones
D.
Cancer develops through accumulated alterations affecting growth control, survival, repair and the tissue environment
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Correct Answer: D. Cancer develops through accumulated alterations affecting growth control, survival, repair and the tissue environment
Explanation:
Tumorigenesis is multistep and reflects genetic, epigenetic and microenvironmental selection.
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A.
Maintenance dosing depends only on tablet colour
B.
Clearance has no relationship to elimination
C.
Clearance relates elimination rate to drug concentration and helps determine maintenance dosing
D.
Clearance is the same as absorption fraction
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Correct Answer: C. Clearance relates elimination rate to drug concentration and helps determine maintenance dosing
Explanation:
Systemic clearance describes the effective volume cleared per unit time and links concentration to elimination rate.
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A.
An irreversible antagonist permanently occupies receptors, so increasing agonist concentration fully restores the original maximal response
B.
A competitive antagonist increases agonist potency by shifting the concentration-response curve left while leaving receptor occupancy unchanged
C.
A reversible competitive antagonist necessarily lowers the maximal response even when much higher agonist concentrations are available
D.
A reversible competitive antagonist shifts an agonist concentration-response curve to the right without reducing maximal response when enough agonist is available
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Correct Answer: D. A reversible competitive antagonist shifts an agonist concentration-response curve to the right without reducing maximal response when enough agonist is available
Explanation:
Competition at the same receptor can be overcome by higher agonist concentration, reducing apparent potency but not efficacy.
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A.
Resistance has no genetic basis
B.
Antibiotic exposure can select resistant organisms already carrying or acquiring resistance determinants
C.
Stopping all infection control prevents resistance
D.
Antibiotics deliberately teach each bacterium to resist
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Correct Answer: B. Antibiotic exposure can select resistant organisms already carrying or acquiring resistance determinants
Explanation:
Selection favours resistant variants, while transmission and gene exchange can spread resistance.
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A.
Cytokines cannot influence cell differentiation
B.
Specific lymphocytes activate without any signal
C.
Co-stimulation is irrelevant to immune tolerance
D.
Antigen recognition plus appropriate co-stimulation and cytokine signals shape lymphocyte activation and differentiation
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Correct Answer: D. Antigen recognition plus appropriate co-stimulation and cytokine signals shape lymphocyte activation and differentiation
Explanation:
Adaptive responses integrate receptor specificity with co-stimulatory and environmental signals.
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A.
Random error and bias are identical
B.
Measurement methods cannot introduce systematic error
C.
Bias is eliminated automatically by a large sample
D.
Bias is a systematic error in selection, measurement or analysis that can distort an estimated association
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Correct Answer: D. Bias is a systematic error in selection, measurement or analysis that can distort an estimated association
Explanation:
Larger samples reduce random error but do not necessarily correct systematic design or measurement problems.
