Practice NEB Medical Standard 4 questions with answers and explanations.
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Agonist is a ligand that binds to a receptor and activates it to produce a biological response.
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Competitive antagonist is a reversible receptor blocker whose effect can be overcome by increasing agonist concentration.
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First-pass metabolism is presystemic metabolism that reduces oral bioavailability before a drug reaches systemic circulation.
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Half-life is the time required for the plasma concentration of a drug to fall by one half.
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Therapeutic index is a measure comparing toxic and effective doses and indicating a drug safety margin.
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Loading dose is an initial larger dose used to achieve a target concentration rapidly.
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ACE inhibitor is a drug class that reduces angiotensin II formation and may cause cough or hyperkalaemia.
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Beta blocker is a drug class that antagonises beta-adrenergic receptors and can reduce heart rate.
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Proton-pump inhibitor is a drug that irreversibly suppresses the gastric hydrogen-potassium ATPase.
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Naloxone is a competitive opioid receptor antagonist used to reverse opioid toxicity.
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Atropine is a muscarinic receptor antagonist that can increase heart rate and reduce secretions.
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Warfarin is an oral anticoagulant that inhibits vitamin-K dependent clotting factor synthesis.
