Practice NRE Medical Step I questions with answers and explanations.
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Beta blocker is a drug class that antagonises beta-adrenergic receptors and can reduce heart rate.
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Bohr effect is reduced haemoglobin affinity for oxygen in tissues with increased carbon dioxide or acidity.
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Insulin is a pancreatic beta-cell hormone that promotes glucose uptake and storage and lowers blood glucose.
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Aldosterone is a mineralocorticoid that increases renal sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion.
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Countercurrent multiplier is a loop-of-Henle mechanism that establishes the medullary osmotic gradient for urine concentration.
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Baroreceptor reflex is a rapid autonomic response that buffers short-term changes in arterial blood pressure.
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Action potential refractory period is a period that limits immediate re-excitation of an excitable membrane after depolarisation.
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Parathyroid hormone is a hormone that raises plasma calcium through bone, kidney and vitamin-D related effects.
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Agonist is a ligand that binds to a receptor and activates it to produce a biological response.
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Competitive antagonist is a reversible receptor blocker whose effect can be overcome by increasing agonist concentration.
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First-pass metabolism is presystemic metabolism that reduces oral bioavailability before a drug reaches systemic circulation.
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Hepatoduodenal ligament is the free edge of the lesser omentum containing the portal triad.
