All MCQs

Load-time binding postpones absolute address selection until the loader places the program in memory.
After loading, the process normally remains at that chosen location.

Compile-time binding lets the compiler generate absolute addresses for a known load location.
If the location changes, the program generally must be recompiled.

A physical address identifies a real byte or word location in installed memory.
The MMU may translate a process's logical address into this address.

A logical address is the address a program uses before translation by the memory-management system.
It may differ from the physical address used by main memory hardware.

Preemption may require rolling a victim back to a safe checkpoint and reclaiming its resources.
A fair cost policy is needed to avoid repeated victimization and starvation.

Process termination releases the victim's resources and can destroy the circular dependency.
Victim selection may consider priority, completed work, resource use, and restart cost.

The detection procedure simulates which processes can finish with current availability and subsequent releases.
Processes that cannot be marked finishable may be involved in deadlock.

A safe sequence demonstrates that current resources and later releases can satisfy every process in turn.
Its existence proves the state is safe under the avoidance model.

Banker's algorithm tests whether granting a request would leave the system in a safe state.
To perform that test, it needs declared maximum claims as well as current allocations and availability.

A total resource order prevents dependency edges from forming a cycle.
Every process moves in the same direction through the ordering.

Resource preemption removes ownership from a blocked process and makes the resource available elsewhere.
The process may need to roll back and retry when its required resources can be reacquired.

Requiring an all-at-once request or a no-hold request rule prevents a process from waiting while retaining resources.
The policy may reduce utilization because resources can be reserved earlier than needed.