Operating System MCQs

Dynamic loading keeps unused routines out of memory until execution actually requires them.
This can reduce the process's memory footprint for large programs with rarely used code.

A logical address is the address a program uses before translation by the memory-management system.
It may differ from the physical address used by main memory hardware.

A physical address identifies a real byte or word location in installed memory.
The MMU may translate a process's logical address into this address.

Compile-time binding lets the compiler generate absolute addresses for a known load location.
If the location changes, the program generally must be recompiled.

A total resource order prevents dependency edges from forming a cycle.
Every process moves in the same direction through the ordering.

Banker's algorithm tests whether granting a request would leave the system in a safe state.
To perform that test, it needs declared maximum claims as well as current allocations and availability.

A safe sequence demonstrates that current resources and later releases can satisfy every process in turn.
Its existence proves the state is safe under the avoidance model.

The detection procedure simulates which processes can finish with current availability and subsequent releases.
Processes that cannot be marked finishable may be involved in deadlock.

Process termination releases the victim's resources and can destroy the circular dependency.
Victim selection may consider priority, completed work, resource use, and restart cost.

Preemption may require rolling a victim back to a safe checkpoint and reclaiming its resources.
A fair cost policy is needed to avoid repeated victimization and starvation.

Deadlock prevention designs the resource rules so at least one necessary condition cannot hold.
Deadlock avoidance evaluates each request using future maximum needs and safe-state analysis.

Requiring an all-at-once request or a no-hold request rule prevents a process from waiting while retaining resources.
The policy may reduce utilization because resources can be reserved earlier than needed.