Practice Pakistan questions with answers and explanations.
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Glomerular filtration rate is the volume of plasma filtered by all functioning glomeruli per unit time.
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Surfactant is a phospholipid-rich substance that lowers alveolar surface tension and helps prevent collapse.
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Bohr effect is reduced haemoglobin affinity for oxygen in tissues with increased carbon dioxide or acidity.
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Insulin is a pancreatic beta-cell hormone that promotes glucose uptake and storage and lowers blood glucose.
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Aldosterone is a mineralocorticoid that increases renal sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion.
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Countercurrent multiplier is a loop-of-Henle mechanism that establishes the medullary osmotic gradient for urine concentration.
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Portal vein is a vessel that carries nutrient-rich blood from the gastrointestinal tract to the liver.
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Phrenic nerve is the motor nerve to the diaphragm, arising mainly from cervical roots C3 to C5.
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Circle of Willis is an arterial anastomotic ring at the base of the brain connecting anterior and posterior circulations.
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Brachial plexus is a network of spinal nerve roots C5 to T1 that supplies the upper limb.
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Coronary sinus is the main venous channel that drains most of the myocardium into the right atrium.
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Ureterovesical junction is a normal narrowing where the ureter enters the urinary bladder and a common site of stone impaction.
