Practice Pakistan questions with answers and explanations.
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Surfactant is a phospholipid-rich substance that lowers alveolar surface tension and helps prevent collapse.
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Bohr effect is reduced haemoglobin affinity for oxygen in tissues with increased carbon dioxide or acidity.
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Insulin is a pancreatic beta-cell hormone that promotes glucose uptake and storage and lowers blood glucose.
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Aldosterone is a mineralocorticoid that increases renal sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion.
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Countercurrent multiplier is a loop-of-Henle mechanism that establishes the medullary osmotic gradient for urine concentration.
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Baroreceptor reflex is a rapid autonomic response that buffers short-term changes in arterial blood pressure.
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Action potential refractory period is a period that limits immediate re-excitation of an excitable membrane after depolarisation.
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Parathyroid hormone is a hormone that raises plasma calcium through bone, kidney and vitamin-D related effects.
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Glycolysis is a cytosolic pathway that converts glucose to pyruvate while generating ATP and NADH.
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Urea cycle is a hepatic pathway that converts toxic ammonia into urea for excretion.
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Beta oxidation is mitochondrial degradation of fatty acids to acetyl-CoA units.
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Glycogen phosphorylase is an enzyme that releases glucose-1-phosphate from glycogen during glycogenolysis.
