Practice Pakistan questions with answers and explanations.
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Glycoside is a compound consisting of a sugar component linked to a non-sugar aglycone.
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Tannin is a polyphenolic plant constituent capable of precipitating proteins and producing an astringent effect.
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Volatile oil is an aromatic plant oil that evaporates readily and is commonly obtained by distillation.
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Adulteration is substitution, dilution or deterioration that reduces the identity, purity or quality of a drug.
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Gram-positive cocci is bacteria that retain crystal violet and appear purple because of a thick peptidoglycan wall.
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Endospore is a dormant resistant structure formed by selected bacteria such as Bacillus and Clostridium species.
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Biofilm is a structured microbial community embedded in a protective extracellular matrix on a surface.
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Sterilisation is complete destruction or removal of all forms of microbial life, including spores.
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Disinfection is reduction of pathogenic microorganisms on inanimate objects, not necessarily including spores.
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IgM is the first major antibody isotype produced in a primary immune response.
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IgA is the principal antibody isotype in mucosal secretions.
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Type IV hypersensitivity is a delayed T-cell mediated immune reaction rather than an antibody-mediated reaction.
