Practice BS Zoology Semester Exam questions with answers and explanations.
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Chitin is a tough polysaccharide found in arthropod exoskeletons and fungal walls. Bone is living connective tissue mineralized with calcium salts.
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Cartilage provides flexible support in joints, nose, ears, and early vertebrate skeletons. It resists compression while allowing shape and movement.
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A rigid external skeleton restricts growth. Arthropods solve this by molting the old cuticle and expanding before the new one hardens.
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Ciliary beating can move the whole organism or generate water currents for feeding and respiration. In small aquatic forms, this is an efficient non-muscular mechanism.
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Comparative anatomy links structure with function. Skeletons differ because animals face different demands such as swimming, jumping, flying, burrowing, or protection.
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Sharks and rays have skeletons largely made of cartilage. This gives flexible support and differs from the ossified skeleton of bony fishes.
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Tendons contain dense collagen fibers. This structure resists tension and transfers force from muscles to bones or other hard parts.
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Large terrestrial animals need strong support systems to resist gravity, maintain posture, and permit locomotion. Skeletons distribute mechanical loads across the body.
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The axon carries nerve impulses away from the neuron cell body. Dendrites mainly receive signals, while synapses allow communication with other cells.
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Jointed appendages permit controlled walking and balance in arthropods. Losing a leg disrupts mechanical coordination even if other systems continue working.
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Annelids rely on fluid-filled compartments and muscle contractions, whereas arthropods rely on a rigid external cuticle with jointed appendages.
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The femur is an internal bone of the vertebrate endoskeleton. Fish scales are external protective structures, not limb bones.
