Practice NEB Medical Standard 4 questions with answers and explanations.
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Biofilm is a structured microbial community embedded in a protective extracellular matrix on a surface.
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Sterilisation is complete destruction or removal of all forms of microbial life, including spores.
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Disinfection is reduction of pathogenic microorganisms on inanimate objects, not necessarily including spores.
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Agonist is a ligand that binds to a receptor and activates it to produce a biological response.
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Competitive antagonist is a reversible receptor blocker whose effect can be overcome by increasing agonist concentration.
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First-pass metabolism is presystemic metabolism that reduces oral bioavailability before a drug reaches systemic circulation.
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Half-life is the time required for the plasma concentration of a drug to fall by one half.
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Therapeutic index is a measure comparing toxic and effective doses and indicating a drug safety margin.
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Loading dose is an initial larger dose used to achieve a target concentration rapidly.
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Nosocomial infection is an infection acquired during healthcare delivery that was not present or incubating on admission.
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Autoclave is a device that sterilises using saturated steam under pressure.
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Gram-positive cocci is bacteria that retain crystal violet and appear purple because of a thick peptidoglycan wall.
