Practice NEB Medical Standard 4 questions with answers and explanations.
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Endospore is a dormant resistant structure formed by selected bacteria such as Bacillus and Clostridium species.
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Biofilm is a structured microbial community embedded in a protective extracellular matrix on a surface.
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Sterilisation is complete destruction or removal of all forms of microbial life, including spores.
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Disinfection is reduction of pathogenic microorganisms on inanimate objects, not necessarily including spores.
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IgM is the first major antibody isotype produced in a primary immune response.
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IgA is the principal antibody isotype in mucosal secretions.
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Type IV hypersensitivity is a delayed T-cell mediated immune reaction rather than an antibody-mediated reaction.
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Reverse transcriptase is an enzyme used by retroviruses to synthesise DNA from an RNA template.
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Acid-fast bacillus is an organism with a lipid-rich cell wall that retains carbol fuchsin after acid-alcohol treatment.
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Opportunistic infection is an infection occurring mainly when host defences are impaired.
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Normal microbiota is microorganisms that commonly colonise body sites without causing disease under normal conditions.
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Vector is a living carrier that transmits an infectious agent between hosts.
