Practice Library
All MCQs
Browse exam-wise, subject-wise, and country-wise MCQs with explanations.
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A.
Supply and demand never interact
B.
Higher demand necessarily lowers price
C.
When demand rises while supply is unchanged, equilibrium price tends to rise
D.
Equilibrium means quantity demanded is zero
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Correct Answer: C. When demand rises while supply is unchanged, equilibrium price tends to rise
Explanation:
A rightward demand shift with fixed supply creates upward pressure on equilibrium price.
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A.
Public decisions should avoid conflicts of interest and be made for authorised public purposes
B.
Conflicts need never be disclosed
C.
Accountability weakens public trust
D.
Private benefit should always override public duty
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Correct Answer: A. Public decisions should avoid conflicts of interest and be made for authorised public purposes
Explanation:
Integrity requires impartiality, lawful purpose, disclosure and accountability.
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A.
Stroke volume is unrelated to venous return
B.
Afterload can never influence ejection
C.
Cardiac output equals heart rate multiplied by stroke volume and changes with preload, contractility and afterload
D.
Cardiac output equals blood pressure divided by temperature
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Correct Answer: C. Cardiac output equals heart rate multiplied by stroke volume and changes with preload, contractility and afterload
Explanation:
Cardiac output integrates rate and stroke volume, while loading conditions and contractility influence stroke volume.
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A.
Diffusion moves every solute against its gradient
B.
All membrane transport directly hydrolyses ATP
C.
Net passive transport follows an electrochemical gradient and does not directly consume ATP
D.
Transport proteins cannot be selective
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Correct Answer: C. Net passive transport follows an electrochemical gradient and does not directly consume ATP
Explanation:
Passive transport is driven by concentration and electrical gradients, although channels or carriers may facilitate it.
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A.
Measurement methods cannot introduce systematic error
B.
Bias is a systematic error in selection, measurement or analysis that can distort an estimated association
C.
Bias is eliminated automatically by a large sample
D.
Random error and bias are identical
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Correct Answer: B. Bias is a systematic error in selection, measurement or analysis that can distort an estimated association
Explanation:
Larger samples reduce random error but do not necessarily correct systematic design or measurement problems.
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A.
Specific lymphocytes activate without any signal
B.
Co-stimulation is irrelevant to immune tolerance
C.
Cytokines cannot influence cell differentiation
D.
Antigen recognition plus appropriate co-stimulation and cytokine signals shape lymphocyte activation and differentiation
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Correct Answer: D. Antigen recognition plus appropriate co-stimulation and cytokine signals shape lymphocyte activation and differentiation
Explanation:
Adaptive responses integrate receptor specificity with co-stimulatory and environmental signals.
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A.
Antibiotics deliberately teach each bacterium to resist
B.
Stopping all infection control prevents resistance
C.
Antibiotic exposure can select resistant organisms already carrying or acquiring resistance determinants
D.
Resistance has no genetic basis
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Correct Answer: C. Antibiotic exposure can select resistant organisms already carrying or acquiring resistance determinants
Explanation:
Selection favours resistant variants, while transmission and gene exchange can spread resistance.
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A.
A competitive antagonist increases agonist potency by shifting the concentration-response curve left while leaving receptor occupancy unchanged
B.
A reversible competitive antagonist shifts an agonist concentration-response curve to the right without reducing maximal response when enough agonist is available
C.
An irreversible antagonist permanently occupies receptors, so increasing agonist concentration fully restores the original maximal response
D.
A reversible competitive antagonist necessarily lowers the maximal response even when much higher agonist concentrations are available
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Correct Answer: B. A reversible competitive antagonist shifts an agonist concentration-response curve to the right without reducing maximal response when enough agonist is available
Explanation:
Competition at the same receptor can be overcome by higher agonist concentration, reducing apparent potency but not efficacy.
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A.
Clearance relates elimination rate to drug concentration and helps determine maintenance dosing
B.
Clearance has no relationship to elimination
C.
Clearance is the same as absorption fraction
D.
Maintenance dosing depends only on tablet colour
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Correct Answer: A. Clearance relates elimination rate to drug concentration and helps determine maintenance dosing
Explanation:
Systemic clearance describes the effective volume cleared per unit time and links concentration to elimination rate.
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A.
DNA repair has no relevance to cancer risk
B.
Tumours are unrelated to selection among cell clones
C.
A single mutation always produces invasive cancer immediately
D.
Cancer develops through accumulated alterations affecting growth control, survival, repair and the tissue environment
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Correct Answer: D. Cancer develops through accumulated alterations affecting growth control, survival, repair and the tissue environment
Explanation:
Tumorigenesis is multistep and reflects genetic, epigenetic and microenvironmental selection.
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A.
All mediators have identical effects
B.
Inflammation occurs without signalling molecules
C.
Inflammatory mediators coordinate vascular change, leukocyte recruitment and local symptoms
D.
Acute inflammation never recruits leukocytes
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Correct Answer: C. Inflammatory mediators coordinate vascular change, leukocyte recruitment and local symptoms
Explanation:
Multiple mediators act on vessels, cells and tissues to produce the organised inflammatory response.
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A.
The lungs regulate bicarbonate directly as their main action
B.
Compensation changes the other component of the bicarbonate-carbon dioxide system but does not remove the primary disorder
C.
Compensation always overshoots to the opposite pH disorder
D.
The kidneys cannot affect acid-base balance
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Correct Answer: B. Compensation changes the other component of the bicarbonate-carbon dioxide system but does not remove the primary disorder
Explanation:
Respiratory and renal responses limit pH change while the primary process remains identifiable.
