All MCQs

Explanations can support debugging, trust assessment, contestability, and domain review. An explanation is evidence about behavior, not proof that the model is fair or correct.

Transparency helps affected people and reviewers understand what the system does and how it is governed. It must be balanced with privacy, security, and intellectual-property concerns.

A proxy variable can reproduce effects associated with a protected characteristic even when that characteristic is omitted. Fairness review must consider relationships among variables and real-world impact.

Strong aggregate performance can conceal serious disparities for smaller or disadvantaged groups. Fairness analysis should use metrics and context appropriate to the decision.

Models can learn patterns reflecting past unequal treatment rather than legitimate job-related differences. Historical data are not automatically neutral or ethically acceptable.

Encryption transforms readable information into ciphertext that requires a key to recover. It protects confidentiality but does not replace access control, governance, or secure key management.

Restricting permissions limits the harm caused by mistakes, misuse, or compromised credentials. Access should also be reviewed and removed when no longer required.

Availability concerns reliable and timely access to systems and information. Backups, redundancy, maintenance, and resilience against outages support this objective.

Integrity ensures that data and systems remain accurate, complete, and trustworthy. Checksums, audit logs, and controlled updates can help detect or prevent tampering.

Confidentiality limits information access and disclosure to authorized parties. Controls include authentication, permissions, encryption, and secure handling.

Purpose limitation restricts personal data use to specified, legitimate, and compatible purposes. An unrelated secondary use may exceed what individuals reasonably agreed to or expected.

Valid consent requires meaningful notice and a genuine opportunity to choose where consent is the legal or ethical basis. It should not be obtained through deception or unreasonable pressure.