NAT MCQs

A cation forms when electrons are lost.
It has more protons than electrons.

Electron affinity reflects attraction for an added electron.
Its sign and magnitude vary across the periodic table.

An anion forms when electrons are gained.
It has more electrons than protons.

Electronegativity helps predict bond polarity.
Fluorine has the highest common electronegativity.

Rutherford concluded that atoms contain a small dense positive nucleus.
Most atomic volume is empty space.

Valence electrons largely determine chemical reactivity.
Elements in a group often share similar valence configurations.

Thomson's cathode-ray experiments revealed negatively charged particles.
He proposed an early model with electrons in positive matter.

Periodic trends arise from repeating valence-shell patterns.
The periodic table organizes these regularities.

Chadwick identified the neutral nuclear particle in 1932.
Neutrons explain isotopic mass differences.

Alkali metals have one valence electron.
They commonly form +1 ions and are highly reactive.

Quantum mechanics describes electron probability distributions.
An orbital can hold up to two electrons with opposite spins.

Halogens have seven valence electrons.
They commonly form -1 ions.