Practice NEB Medical Standard 4 questions with answers and explanations.
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Reverse transcriptase is an enzyme used by retroviruses to synthesise DNA from an RNA template.
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Acid-fast bacillus is an organism with a lipid-rich cell wall that retains carbol fuchsin after acid-alcohol treatment.
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Opportunistic infection is an infection occurring mainly when host defences are impaired.
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Normal microbiota is microorganisms that commonly colonise body sites without causing disease under normal conditions.
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Vector is a living carrier that transmits an infectious agent between hosts.
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Granuloma is an organised collection of activated macrophages formed in response to persistent inflammation.
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Dysplasia is disordered epithelial growth with cytological atypia that may precede malignancy.
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Metaplasia is a reversible replacement of one mature cell type by another better suited to stress.
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Gram-positive cocci is bacteria that retain crystal violet and appear purple because of a thick peptidoglycan wall.
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Atherosclerosis is intimal lipid-rich plaque formation in medium and large arteries.
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Hyperplasia is an increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ.
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Hypertrophy is an increase in cell size leading to enlargement of a tissue or organ.
