Practice Nursing Community Epidemiology questions with answers and explanations.
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Endospore is a dormant resistant structure formed by selected bacteria such as Bacillus and Clostridium species.
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Biofilm is a structured microbial community embedded in a protective extracellular matrix on a surface.
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Sterilisation is complete destruction or removal of all forms of microbial life, including spores.
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Disinfection is reduction of pathogenic microorganisms on inanimate objects, not necessarily including spores.
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IgM is the first major antibody isotype produced in a primary immune response.
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Incidence is the occurrence of new cases in a population at risk during a defined period.
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Prevalence is the proportion of a population that has a condition at a specified time or period.
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Cohort study is an observational design that follows exposed and unexposed groups over time to compare outcomes.
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Case-control study is an observational design that starts with outcome status and looks backward for exposure.
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Randomised controlled trial is an experimental design that randomly allocates participants to intervention groups.
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Surveillance is systematic ongoing collection, analysis and use of health data for public-health action.
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Confounding is distortion of an exposure-outcome association by a third factor related to both.
